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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.143
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [1-10] What are the top schools in AI?
The answer to this question is not intended to be a ranking and should
not be interpreted as such. There are several major problems with
ratings like the Gourman Report and the US News and World Report. Such
rankings are often unsubstantiated and anecdotal, their accuracy is
questionable, and they do not focus on the subfields of an area. When
selecting a graduate school, students should look for schools which
not only have excellent programs in their general area of research
but also at least one faculty member whose research interests mesh
well with the student's. Accordingly, we've broken down this list
according to topic, and sorted the schools within each topic in
ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
The best way for students to discover which schools are good in a
field is to ask professors (and graduate students) in their
undergraduate school for suggestions on where to apply. Reading the
research journals in the field is another good method (see question
[1-1]).
A list of email addresses for CS departments is posted once a month to
the newsgroup soc.college.gradinfo.
NOTE THAT THIS LIST IS PRELIMINARY AND BY NO MEANS COMPLETE.
Please feel free to suggest schools that are particularly strong in
any of these areas, or to suggest new areas to be listed.
Schools with excellent programs in most fields:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
MIT
Stanford
Indiana
Maryland
Rutgers
Toronto
UCLA
Univ. of Edinburgh
Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
Univ. of Massachusetts/Amherst
Univ. of Rochester
Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
Yale
AI and Medicine:
Stanford
AI and Legal Reasoning:
Artificial Life:
UCLA
Automated Deduction:
Stanford
Univ. of Edinburgh
Univ. of Oregon
Univ. of Texas/Austin
Case-Based Reasoning:
Chicago
Connectionism/Neural Networks:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Ohio State Univ.
Toronto
UC/San Diego
Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
Decision Theory and AI:
Berkeley
Stanford
Distributed AI:
Univ. of Massachusetts
Fuzzy Logic:
Berkeley
Genetic Algorithms:
Univ. of Michigan
George Mason
Integrated AI Architectures:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Stanford
Univ. of Michigan
Knowledge Representation:
Stanford
Univ. of Oregon
Logic Programming:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Stanford
Univ. of Illinois/Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
Univ. of Oregon
Univ. of Pennsylvania
Machine Discovery:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Machine Learning:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Johns Hopkins
MIT
Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
Natural Language, Speech:
Brown
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Columbia
ISI
MIT
Penn
Stanford
Toronto
Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
Waterloo (stylistics, MT, discourse)
Nonmonotonic Reasoning:
Stanford
Univ. of Oregon
Toronto
Philosophy of AI:
MIT
Berkeley
Planning:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
MIT
Stanford
Univ. of Oregon
Univ. of Washington/Seattle
Waterloo
Probabilistic Reasoning:
UCLA
Production Systems/Expert Systems:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Stanford
Qualitative Physics and Model Based Reasoning:
Univ. of Oregon
Northwestern ILS (Forbus)
Robotics:
Bristol Polytechnic, UK
Brown
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Harvard
Hull University, UK
MIT
Naval Postgraduate School
New York University (NYU) Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
North Carolina State Univerisity/Raleigh (NCSU)
Oxford
Purdue
Reading University, UK
Rennsalear Polytechnic Institute (RPI)
Salford University, UK
Stanford
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
UC/Berkeley
Univ. of Alberta
Univ. of Kansas
Univ. of Kentucky
Univ. of Maryland
Univ. of Michigan/Ann Arbor
Univ. of Paris INRIA
Univ. of Pennsylvania
Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
Univ. of Utah
Univ. of Wisconsin
Yale
Search:
UCLA
Univ. of Oregon
Virtual Reality:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Columbia
Florida Institute of Technology
MIT Media Lab
Naval Postgraduate School
UVA
Univ. North Carolina/Chapel Hill (UNC)
Vision:
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Johns Hopkins
MIT
Univ. of Maryland
Univ. of Southern California & USC/Information Sciences Institute
----------------------------------------------------------------
;;; *** Change Log
;;;
;;; 13-SEP-92 mk Moved Prolog information into the updated Prolog Resource
;;; Guide.
;;; 14-SEP-92 mk Added automated reasoning references. Added automated
;;; reasoning systems to [4], ftp resources.
;;; Split FAQ into two pieces.
;;; 15-SEP-92 mk Added IE-digest.
;;; 30-SEP-92 mk Added Stiquito entry.
;;; 8-OCT-92 mk Added Glossary question, updated ECTL entry.
;;; 15-OCT-92 mk Added MUME entry, some new references, fuzzy logic
;;; ftp, etc.
;;; 15-OCT-92 mk Distributed AI info contributed by Keith Decker.
;;; 15-OCT-92 mk Split off FTP resources into part 3.
;;; 15-OCT-92 mk Added several journal references.
;;; 15-OCT-92 mk Several references contributed by Dave Chalmers, including
;;; GA, NNets, and Alife.
;;; 16-OCT-92 mk Added info about lots and lots of journals.
;;; 20-OCT-92 mk Added entry on the Consortium for Lexical Research to part
;;; 3.
;;; 27-OCT-92 mk Added entry on Togai InfraLogic (TIL).
;;; 2-NOV-92 mk Added entry on Computists' Communique.
;;; 5-NOV-92 mk Added entry on ARS MAGNA to part 3.
;;; 5-NOV-92 mk Added question on "best" schools in AI.
;;; 16-NOV-92 mk Added entry on GBB.
;;; 19-NOV-92 mk Updated AI CD-ROM entry. New email addresses.
;;; 24-NOV-92 mk Updated some of the Robotics content, per Ken Goldberg.
;;; Added reference to robotics faq posting, and stole small
;;; excerpts of it.
;;; 24-NOV-92 mk Added entry on Soc for Machines and Mentality (and journal)
;;; to 1-1, per William J. Rapaport.
;;; *EOF*
Xref: bloom-picayune.mit.edu comp.ai:14853 news.answers:4557
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From: mkant+@cs.cmu.edu (Mark Kantrowitz)
Newsgroups: comp.ai,news.answers
Subject: FAQ: Artificial Intelligence Bibliography 2/3 [Monthly posting]
Summary: Bibliography of AI introductory texts, overviews and references
Message-ID: <ai-faq-2.text_724233690@cs.cmu.edu>
Date: 13 Dec 92 08:02:38 GMT
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Last-Modified: Thu Oct 15 22:35:01 1992 by Mark Kantrowitz
Version: 1.2
;;; ****************************************************************
;;; Answers to Questions about Artificial Intelligence *************
;;; ****************************************************************
;;; Written by Mark Kantrowitz
;;; ai-faq-2.text -- 36271 bytes
This part of the AI FAQ provides a bibliography of good introductory
texts and overviews of AI and specific subfields of AI. If you feel
that there is a reference or set of references which should be added
to this FAQ, or references which should be removed, please send email
to mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu. When suggesting references to be
included in a particular subfield, only suggest the best two or three
references (or a particularly well-written overview). It is NOT the
intention of this listing to be a comprehensive AI bibliography.
Part 2 (Bibliography):
Bibliography of introductory texts, overviews and references
Outline:
[1] AI in general (Introductions, Overviews)
[2] Search
[3] Knowledge Representation
[4] Logic
[5] Planning
[6] Natural Language Processing (NLP)
[7] Connectionism and Neural Nets
[8] Machine Learning
[9] Case-Based Reasoning
[10] Genetic Algorithms
[11] Production Systems, Expert Systems and Match Algorithms
[12] Integrated AI Architectures
[13] Fuzzy Logic
[14] Artificial Life
[15] Qualitative Physics and Model Based Reasoning
[16] Task-specific Architectures for Problem Solving
[17] Automated Deduction
[18] Probabilistic Reasoning
[19] Nonmonotonic Reasoning
[20] Robotics and Computer Vision
[21] Distributed AI
[22] Philosophy of AI
[23] Miscellaneous
[24] Videotapes and Magazines
Search for [#] to get to question number # quickly.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [1] AI in general (Introductions, Overviews)
Introductory texts:
Elaine Rich & Kevin Knight, "Artificial Intelligence", 2nd edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991. ISBN 0-07-052263-4
Patrick Henry Winston, "Artificial Intelligence", Third Edition,
Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1992, ISBN 0-201-53377-4.
Matthew L. Ginsberg, "Essentials of AI", Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, 1993.
Overviews and References:
Shapiro, Stuart C. (ed), "Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence",
2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992. (1st ed, 1987)
Alan Bundy, editor, "Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence
Techniques", 3rd Edition, Springer Verlag, 1990, ISBN 0-387-52959-4.
Avron Barr and Edward A. Feigenbaum, "The Handbook of Artificial
Intelligence", volumes 1-4, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986.
Sundermeyer, K., "Knowledge-Based Systems: Terminology and References",
Wissenschaftverlag, 1991. ISBN 3-411-14941-8
Jerry M. Rosenberg, "Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence and
Robotics", Wiley, New York, 1986, 203 pages.
Bonnie Lynn Webber and Nils J. Nilsson, "Readings in Artificial
Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1981.
Raoul N. Smith, editor, "The Facts on File Dictionary of Artificial
Intelligence", Facts on File, New York, 1989, 211 pages.
Older general introductions and overviews:
Nils J. Nilsson, "Principles of Artificial Intelligence", Tioga
Publishing Company, Palo Alto, CA, 1980.
Eugene Charniak and Drew V. McDermott, "Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1985.
Firebaugh, Morris W., "Artificial Intelligence: A Knowledge-Based
Approach", PWS-Kent, Massachusetts, 1989. ISBN 0-87835-325-9
Emphasis on the role of knowledge in the design of intelligent
systems. Includes intro to AI programming languages, extensive
discussion of expert systems and robotics, survey of parallel
machine architectures, and identification of bottlenecks in
the implementation of useful AI systems.
Phonebooks:
The AAAI membership directory is updated annually and contains
addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses for many members of AAAI
and other AI societies. Contact info@aaai.org for information on
getting a copy of the directory (you should get a free copy if you are
a member of one of the listed societies).
Surveys:
Howard E. Shrobe, editor, "Exploring Artificial Intelligence",
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1988.
(Survey talks from the AAAI 1986 and 1987 conferences.)
Publisher Phone Numbers:
Morgan Kaufmann Publisher's order number is 800-745-7323
(415-578-9911), fax is 415-578-0672, and their email address is
morgan@unix.sri.com. You can also write to Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,
Inc., Department E4, 2929 Campus Drive, Suite 260, San Mateo, CA
94403. Their "Readings in X" series is a good source of information
on various AI topics. (Many of them are listed below.)
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [2] Search
[See also the Barr and Feigenbaum's Handbook of AI, chapter 1;
Nilsson's Principles of AI, sections 2.4.1 through 2.4.4 (A*),
sections 3.1 and 3.2 (AND/OR trees and AO*); and the Mackworth paper
in Readings in Artificial Intelligence.]
Pearl, J. and Korf, R. E., "Search techniques", Annual Review of
Computer Science, volume 2, J.F. Traub, B.J. Grosz, B.W. Lampson and
N.J. Nilsson, editors, pages 451-467, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo
Alto, CA, 1987.
L. Kanal and V. Kumar, "Search in Artificial Intelligence",
Springer-Verlag, 1988.
Hans J. Berliner, "The B* Tree Search Algorithm: A Best-First Proof
Procedure", Artificial Intelligence, 12(1):23-40, May 1979. Also
appears in "Readings in Artificial Intelligence".
Pearl, J., "Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer
Problem Solving", Addison-Wesley, 1984.
Kirkpatrick, S. Gelatt, CD, and Vecchi, MP, "Optimization by Simulated
Annealing", Science 220(4589):671-680, 1983.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [3] Knowledge Representation
[Several papers in "Readings in Artificial Intelligence" are relevant,
including S. Amarel "On Representations of Problems on Reasoning about
Actions" and P.J. Hayes "The Frame Problem and Related Problems in AI".]
Brachman, Ronald J. and Levesque, Hector J., editors,
"Readings in Knowledge Representation", Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, 1985.
Ronald J. Brachman and James G. Schmolze, "An overview of the
KL-ONE knowledge representation system", Cognitive Science,
9:171-216, 1985.
Ronald J. Brachman, Richard E. Fikes, and Hector J. Levesque,
"KRYPTON: A functional approach to knowledge representation",
IEEE Computer, 16:67-73, 1983.
Ronald J. Brachman, "On the epistemological status of semantic
networks", in N.V. Findler, editor, Associative Networks, pp. 318-353.
New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Allen Newell, "The Knowledge Level", Artificial Intelligence,
18:87-127, 1982.
Allen Newell and Herb Simon, "Computer Science as Empirical
Enquiry: Symbols and Search", Communications of the ACM,
19(3):113-126, 1976.
Penny Nii, "Blackboard Systems", AI Magazine 7(3), 1986.
Ronald J. Brachman, " ``I lied about the trees'', or, defaults and
definitions in knowledge representation", AI Magazine 6(3):80-93, 1985.
W.A. Woods, "What's in a link: Foundations for semantic networks", In
D.G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), "Representation and Understanding",
Academic Press, New York, 1975. Reprinted in "Readings in Cognitive
Science", Collins & Smith (eds.), section 2.2.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [4] Logic
Genesereth, M.R. and Nilsson, N.J., "Logical Foundations of Artificial
Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los Altos, CA, 1987.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [6] Natural Language Processing (NLP)
General:
Gazdar, G. and Mellish, C., "Natural Language Processing in Lisp:
An Introduction to Computational Linguistics", Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts, 1989. (There are three different editions
of the book, one for Lisp, one for Prolog, and one for Pop-11.)
Grosz, B.J., Sparck-Jones, K., and Webber, B.L., "Readings in
Natural Language Processing", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los
Altos, CA, 1986.
Robert C. Berwick, "Computational Linguistics", MIT Press,
Cambridge, MA, 1989, ISBN 0262-02266-4.
Brady, Michael, and Berwick, Robert C., "Computational Models
of Discourse", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.
Klaus K. Obermeier, "Natural Language Processing Technologies
in Artificial Intelligence: The Science and Industry Perspective",
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.
Allen, James F., "Natural Language Understanding", The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California,
(Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts),
1988, ISBN 0-8053-0330-8.
Terry Winograd, "Language as a Cognitive Process", Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA, 1983.
Terminology:
David Crystal, "A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics", 3rd Edition,
Basil Blackwell Publishers, New York, 1991.
Parsing:
Tomita, M. (Editor), "Current Issues in Parsing Technology",
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1991.
Tomita, M., "An Efficient Context-Free Parsing Algorithm",
Computational Linguistics 13:31-46, 1987.
Probabilistic Parsing:
Wright, J., "LR Parsing of Probabilistic Grammars with Input
Uncertainty for Speech Recognition", Computer Speech and Language
4:297-323, 1990.
Ted Briscoe and John Carroll, "Generalised Probabilistic LR Parsing of
Natural Language (Corpora) with Unification-based Grammars",
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, Technical Report Number
224, 1991.
Natural Language Understanding:
E. Charniak, "Passing Markers: A Theory of Contextual Influence in
Language Comprehension", Cognitive Science, 7:171-190, 1983.
Bertram C. Bruce, "Case systems for natural language", Artificial
Intelligence 6:327-360, 1975.
Yorick Wilks, "A Preferential, Pattern-Seeking, Semantics For
Natural Language Inference", Artificial Intelligence, 6:53-74, 1975.
Natural Language Interfaces:
Raymond C. Perrault and Barbara J. Grosz, "Natural Language
Interfaces", Annual Review of Computer Science, volume 1, J.F. Traub,
editor, pages 435-452, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1986.
Natural Language Generation:
McKeown, Kathleen R. and Swartout, William R., "Language
Generation and Explanation", in Zock, M. and Sabah, G.,
editors, Advances in Natural Language Generation, Volume 1, Pages
1-51, Ablex Publishing Company, Norwood, NJ, 1988. (Overview of
the state of the art in natural language generation.)
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [5] Planning
Intros, Overviews, Paper Collections:
James Allen, James Hendler and Austin Tate, editors,
"Readings in Planning", Morgan-Kaufmann Publishers, 1990.
James Hendler, Austin Tate and Mark Drummond, "AI Planning:
Systems and Techniques", AI Magazine, May, 1990. (Review article.)
Georgeff, M. P., "Planning," in Annual Review of Computer Science,
Annual Reviews Inc., pages 359-400, 1987.
Drew McDermott, "Robot Planning", AI Magazine 13:2, Summer
1992, pp. 55-79.
William R. Swartout, "DARPA Workshop on Planning", AI Magazine,
9(2):115-131, Summer, 1988. (Survey of current work and issues in
planning.)
[See also Waldinger's "Achieving several goals simultaneously", in
"Readings in Artificial Intelligence".]
STRIPS:
Fikes, R.E. and Nilsson, N.J., "STRIPS: A new approach to the
application of theorem proving to problem solving", Artificial
Intelligence 2:189-208, 1971.
ABSTRIPS:
Sacerdoti, E. D., "Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces,"
Artificial Intelligence, 5:115-135, 1974.
Conjunctive Goals:
Chapman, D., "Planning for Conjunctive Goals", Artificial Intelligence
32:333-377, 1987.
NOAH:
Sacerdoti, E., "A Structure for Plans and Behavior", Artificial
Intelligence, pages 1-65, American Elsevier, New York, 1977.
Sacerdoti, E. D., "The Nonlinear Nature of Plans," Proc. of the Fourth
Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1975, 206-214.
Reactive Planning:
Agre P.E. and Chapman, D., "Pengi: An Implementation of a Theory of
Activity", in Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on
Aritificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, July 1987.
Georgeoff, M.P. and Lansky, A.L., "Reactive Reasoning and
Planning", in Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, pages 677-682, July 1987.
Simmons, R.G., "A theory of debugging plans and interpretations", in
Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial
Intelligence (AAAI-88), Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Palo Alto,
CA, pages 94-99, 1988.
Case-based Planning:
Hammond, K., "Case-based Planning: Viewing Planning as a Memory Task",
Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989.
Miscellaneous:
Stefik, M.J., "Planning with Constraints", Artificial Intelligence
15:111-140 and 16:141-170, 1981.
Wilkins, D.E., "Domain-Independent Planning: Representation and Plan
Generation", Artificial Intelligence 22:269-301, 1984.
R. Wilensky, "Meta-Planning: Representing and Using Knowledge About
Planning in Problem Solving and Natural Language Understanding",
Cognitive Science 5:197-233, 1981. Reprinted in Readings in Cognitive
Science, Collins & Smith (eds.), section 5.6.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [7] Connectionism and Neural Nets
Introductions and Overviews:
Geoffrey E. Hinton, "Connectionist Learning Procedures",
Artificial Intelligence 40(1-3):185-234, 1989. Reprinted in
J. Carbonell, editor, "Machine Learning: Paradigms and Methods",
MIT Press, 1990. Also appears as Technical Report CMU-CS-87-115
(version 2), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1987.
Kevin Knight, "A gentle introduction to subsymbolic
computation: Connectionism for the AI researcher". Technical Report
CMU-CS-89-150, Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science,
Pittsburgh, PA, May 30, 1989.
Scott Fahlman and Geoffrey Hinton, "Connectionist Architectures for
Artificial Intelligence", IEEE Computer 20(1):100-109, January 1987.
Hertz, J., Krogh, A., and Palmer, R.G., "Introduction to the Theory of
Neural Computation", Addison-Wesley, 1991.
Paper Collections:
Rumelhart, D.E, and McClelland, J.L., editors, "Parallel Distributed
Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition" (Vol. 1:
Foundations; Vol. 2: Psychological and Biological Models), Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 1986.
Waltz, D., and Feldman, J.A., "Connectionist Models and their Implications:
Readings from _Cognitive Science_", Ablex, 1988.
Mark Watson, "Common Lisp Modules -- Artificial Intelligence in the
Era of Neural Networks and Chaos Theory", Springer-Verlag, 1991.
Includes code written in Macintosh Common Lisp and uses the Mac
graphical interface (the modules are portable to other Common Lisp
implementations, but without the graphics).
Anderson, J.A., and Rosenfeld, E., editors, "Neurocomputing: Foundations
of Research", Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1988. Also "Neurocomputing
Vol. 2: Directions for Research", Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1991.
Hinton, G.E., and Anderson, J.A., editors, "Parallel Models of
Associative Memory" (updated edition), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989.
Hinton, G.E., editor, "Connectionist Symbol Processing", MIT Press, 1990.
[Was a special issue of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 46, nos. 1-2.]
Touretzky, D.S., editor, "Neural Information Processing Systems", volumes
1-4 (1988-1991), Morgan Kaufmann. [Proceedings from the premier
conference on neural networks.]
Connectionist Language Processing:
See the special issue of _Connection Science_, Volume 2 Numbers 1-2, 1990.
Also the Hinton collection "Connectionist Symbol Processing", above.
Connectionist Cognitive Science:
Barnden, J.A., and Pollack, J.B., "Advances in Connectionist and Neural
Computation Theory Vol. 1: High-Level Connectionist Models", Ablex, 1991.
Quinlan, P., "Connectionism and Psychology: A Psychological Perspective on
New Connectionist Research", University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Waltz, D., and Feldman, J.A., editors, "Connectionist Models and their
Implications: Readings from _Cognitive Science_", Ablex, 1988.
Philosophical Foundations:
Pinker, S., and Mehler, J, editors, "Connections and Symbols", MIT Press,
1988. [Was Cognition special issue Volume 28, 1988]
Clark, A., "Microcognition: Philosophy, Cognitive Science, and Parallel
Distributed Processing", MIT Press, 1989.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [8] Machine Learning
General:
J. G. Carbonell, editor, "Machine Learning: Paradigms and Methods", MIT
Press, Cambridge, MA 1990.
Tom Mitchell, Jaime G. Carbonell, and Ryszard S. Michalski,
"Machine Learning: A guide to current research", Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Boston, 1986.
J. W. Shavlik and T. D. Dietterich, editors, "Readings in
Machine Learning", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1990.
[See also the article on Machine Learning from the Encyclopedia of
Artificial Intelligence, pages 464-485.]
Decision Trees:
Quinlan, J. Ross, "Induction of Decision Trees", Machine Learning
1:81-106, 1986.
Quinlan, J. Ross, "C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning", Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, 1992. ISBN 1-55860-238-0. $44.95 US, $49.45 International.
For a slight additional charge ($25), the book comes with software (ISBN
1-55860-240-2). For software only, (ISBN 1-55860-239-9) $34.95 US,
$38.45 International.
Probabilistic Clustering:
Fisher, D.H., "Knowledge Acquisition Via Incremental Conceptual
Clustering", Machine Learning 2:139-172, 1987. (Probabilistic
clustering methods.)
Clancey, W.J., "Classification Problem Solving", Proceedings of the
National Conference on Aritificial Intelligence, 49-55, Los Altos, CA,
Morgan Kaufmann. 1984.
Version Spaces:
Tom M. Mitchell, "Generalization as Search", Artificial Intelligence
18:203-226, 1982.
Machine Discovery:
Langley, P., and Zytkow, J. M., "Data-driven approaches to empirical
discovery", Artificial Intelligence 40:283-312, 1989.
Langley, P., Simon, H.A., Bradshaw, G.L., and Zytkow, J.M.,
"Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative
Processes", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987.
Langley, P., Simon, H.A. and Bradshaw, G.L., "Heuristics for
Empirical Discovery", in L. Bolc, editor, Computational Models
of Learning, Springer-Verlag, 1987. Also appears as CMU CS
Tech Report CMU-CS-84-14.
Chunking:
Laird J.E., Rosenbloom, P.S. and Newell, A., "Chunking in SOAR: The
Anatomy of a General Learning Mechanism", Machine Learning
1:1-46, 1986.
Explanation-Based Learning:
Mitchell, Tom M., Keller, R. M., and Kedar-Cabelli, S. T.,
"Explanation-based learning: A unified view", Machine Learning
1:47-80, 1986.
Derivational Analogy:
Carbonell, J. G., "Derivational analogy: A theory of
reconstructive problem solving and expertise acquisition." In R.S.
Michalski, Jaime G. Carbonell, and Tom M. Mitchell, editors, Machine
Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1986.
Theoretical Results:
Leslie G. Valiant, "A theory of the learnable", Communications
of the ACM, 27(11):1134--1142, 1984.
Haussler, D., "Quantifying Inductive Bias: AI Learning
Algorithms and Valiant's Learning Framework", Artificial Intelligence,
36:177-221, 1988.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [9] Case-Based Reasoning
Roger C. Schank, "Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and
Learning in Computers and People", Cambridge University Press, New
York, NY, 1982.
Roger C. Schank and C. Riesbeck, "Inside Case-Based Reasoning",
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